A) Inhibition of return promotes an individual attending to new and unsearched locations, thereby resulting in a more efficient visual search. Some of these experts expect that such systems will act to identify perceived misbehaviors and label, block, filter or remove some online content and even ban some posters from further posting. Explain your answer. Some respondents expect a dramatic rise in the manipulation of the information environment by nation-states, by individual political actors and by groups wishing to spread propaganda. In this scenario, what part of the communication process does the voicemail, If students try to go online to view the syllabus and the universitys computer system keeps shutting down on them. Even if there are more positive aspects than negative in a situation or person,. Donald Trumps repeated fake news smears of The New York Times, Washington Post, etc., are among his most destructive non-truths., Susan Etlinger, industry analyst at Altimeter Research, said, There are two main dynamics at play: One is the increasing sophistication and availability of machine learning algorithms and the other is human nature. The major new challenge in reporting news is the new shape of truth, said Kevin Kelly, co-founder of Wired magazine. This will use a combination of organizational and technological tools but above all, will require a sharpened sense of good judgment and access to diverse, including rivalrous, sources. Which of these statements regarding communication within an organization is true? It is a social condition, like crime, that you must constantly monitor and adjust to. Now I feel that people will tend to look for confirmation of their biases and the radical transparency will not shine a cleansing light., David Harries, associate executive director for Foresight Canada, replied, More and more, history is being written, rewritten and corrected, because more and more people have the ways and means to do so. Sorting is selective viewing of data, and Filtering is rearranging the data. A number said information platform corporations such as Google and Facebook will begin to efficiently police the environment to embed moral and ethical thinking in the structure of their platforms. A) Target detection is faster in the cued location through the use of automatic processing. Step 1: Get rid of unwanted observations The first stage in any data cleaning process is to remove the observations (or data points) you don't want. A packet-filtering firewall (answer a) is the simplest type of firewall commonly implemented on routers. Trust in America: Do Americans trust the news media? A user-experience and interaction designer said, As existing channels become more regulated, new unregulated channels will continue to emerge.. Chicago, IL: American Association of School Librarians (AASL) John Wilbanks, chief commons officer at Sage Bionetworks, replied, Im an optimist, so take this with a grain of salt, but I think as people born into the internet age move into positions of authority theyll be better able to distill and discern fake news than those of us who remember an age of trusted gatekeepers. Unless significant measures are taken in the present and unless all the companies in our digital information ecosystem use strategic foresight to map out the future I dont see how fake news could possibly be reduced by 2027., Ian Peter, internet pioneer, historian and activist, observed, It is not in the interests of either the media or the internet giants who propagate information, nor of governments, to create a climate in which information cannot be manipulated for political, social or economic gain. He recently read a memo from one department presenting a new, idea for a product. The process should encourage and allow users to ask for filtered websites and content to be unblocked, with minimal delay and due respect for user privacy. That, in turn, requires a source of money to pay such professional journalists. The truth of news stories is far murkier and multi-faceted. C) Stroop Task Outside this, chaos will reign., Alexander Halavais, associate professor of social technologies at Arizona State University, said, As there is value in accurate information, the availability of such information will continue to grow. B) Speed of speech Theme 1: The information environment will not improve: The problem is human nature, Theme 2: The information environment will not improve because technology will create new challenges that cant or wont be countered effectively and at scale, Theme 3: The information environment will improve because technology will help label, filter or ban misinformation and thus upgrade the publics ability to judge the quality and veracity of content, Theme 4: The information environment will improve, because people will adjust and make things better, Theme 5: Tech cant win the battle. These incumbents are locked into monopoly power over our information ecosystem and as they drain advertising money from all other low-cost commercial media they impoverish the public sphere.. Dealing with censorship challenges at your library or need to get prepared for them? Social media platforms such as Facebook, Reddit and Twitter appear to be prime battlegrounds. By R. Radom published in LIBRES: Library and Information Science Research Electronic Journal. But it seems the default choice when reading replies to a post is "Top Comments" which is filtered to keep your sensitive eyes from reading anything deemed false or distasteful. Center for Democracy and Technology, Internet Filtering and Adolescent Exposure to Online Sexual Material(2018) Filtering enables people to get the most accurate picture of a situation. National Conference of State Legislatures (updated periodically), (Note: The American Library Association does not endorse or recommend any internet filtering software. Their purpose is to raise fears that serve their agendas, create or deepen silos and echo chambers, divide people and set them upon each other, and paralyze or confuse public understanding of the political, social and economic landscape. C) Filters can only be established on an Excel table. unclear because of which communication issue? Among educated people, we have learned mechanisms for coping with complexity. Which of the following statements about filtering information is accurate? By Nancy Kranich published in Library Administration & Management, Lester Asheim in Cyberspace: A Tribute to Sound Reasoning (2002) A distinguished professor emeritus of political science at a U.S. university wrote, Misinformation will continue to thrive because of the long (and valuable) tradition of freedom of expression. Which of the following would be least likely to engage controlled attention? High-quality journalism has been decimated due to changes in the attention economy. They noted their faith was grounded in history, arguing that humans have always found ways to innovate to overcome problems. Featured Speakers: Doug Archer, Bob Bocher, Deborah Caldwell-Stone, Jamie LaRue, Michael Robinson D) 50 objects including blue triangles and red circles. D) When the majority of font words are scripted in a different font, Aadil will identify the incongruent fonts quickly. Use the key terms from Chapter 2 to complete the following sentence: The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause: SELECT column1, column2, . But a pernicious harm of fake news is the doubt it sows about the reliability of all news. Any safeguards will appear as a way to further control narrative and propagandize the population.. Teaching judgment has always been the solution, and it always will be. A) Filtering makes it possible to view specific data. The other side of the complexity coin is ignorance. B) Dual filter model Which of the following statements about filter models of attention is most correct? Starr Roxanne Hiltz, An executive consultant based in North America wrote, It comes down to motivation: There is no market for the truth. C) Information with semantic relevance receives further processing even if not directly attended to. Brennan Center for Justice at the NYU School of Law, Free Expression Policy Project, Internet Filtering Software Tests: Barracuda, CyberPatrol, FilterGate, & WebSense(2008) The crisis we face about truth and reliable facts is predicated less on the ability to get people to believe the *wrong* thing as it is on the ability to get people to *doubt* the right thing. Like email spam, this problem can never entirely be eliminated, but it can be managed., Sandro Hawke, technical staff at the World Wide Web Consortium, predicted, Things are going to get worse before they get better, but humans have the basic tools to solve this problem, so chances are good that we will. They expressed faith in the inventiveness of these organizations and suggested the people of these companies will implement technology to embed moral and ethical thinking in the structure and business practices of their platforms, enabling the screening of content while still protecting rights such as free speech. Since as far back as the era of radio and before, as Winston Churchill said, A lie can go around the world before the truth gets its pants on., Michael J. Oghia, an author, editor and journalist based in Europe, said he expects a worsening of the information environment due to five things: 1) The spread of misinformation and hate; 2) Inflammation, sociocultural conflict and violence; 3) The breakdown of socially accepted/agreed-upon knowledge and what constitutes fact. 4) A new digital divide of those subscribed (and ultimately controlled) by misinformation and those who are enlightened by information based on reason, logic, scientific inquiry and critical thinking. Read our research on: Congress | Economy | Trust in Media, In late 2016, Oxford Dictionaries selected post-truth as the word of the year, defining it as relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.. Without a framework for regulation, I cant imagine penalties.. O Sorting can be applied to rows but not columns. the situation: OMG, I h8 my prof. In the United States, corporate filtering of information will impose the views of the economic elite., The executive director of a major global privacy advocacy organization argued removing civil liberties in order to stop misinformation will not be effective, saying, Problematic actors will be able to game the devised systems while others will be over-regulated.. manage the reactions of the listener(s), you are engaging in filtering. Filtered is considered stronger-meaning that we can be more confident that literature from this category better supports cause and effect. A large number of respondents said the interests of the most highly motivated actors, including those in the worlds of business and politics, are generally not motivated to fix the proliferation of misinformation. Any row that doesn't meet the conditions (the expression evaluates to false or NULL) is discarded. "The ACLU believes in an uncensored Internet, a vast free-speech zone deserving at least as much First Amendment protection as that afforded to traditional media such as books, newspapers, and magazines. We were in this position before, when printing presses broke the existing system of information management. D) A combination of the single filter and dual filter models. Many of these respondents said the leaders and engineers of the major information platform companies will play a significant role. Why would her boss suggest this? On June 26, 1997, the United States Supreme Court in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997), issued a sweeping reaffirmation of core First Amendment principles and held that communications over the Internet deserve the highest level of Constitutional protection. OAKLAND, Calif. California voters are poised to reject an affirmative action measure despite a summer of racial justice activism and overwhelming support for Black Lives Matter in one of the . Question 10 2 pts Which one of the following statements is accurate about the Sorting and Filtering in Excel? Or will the quality and veracity of information online deteriorate due to the spread of unreliable, sometimes even dangerous, socially destabilizing ideas? Jonathan Grudin, Mark Bunting, visiting academic at Oxford Internet Institute, a senior digital strategy and public policy advisor with 16 years of experience at the BBC and as a digital consultant, wrote, Our information environment has been immeasurably improved by the democratisation of the means of publication since the creation of the web nearly 25 years ago. And yet, it feels like as a society, we are outsourcing this function to private entities that exist, ultimately, to make a profit and not necessarily for a social good. Emmanuel Edet, head of legal services at the National Information Technology Development Agency of Nigeria, observed, The information environment will improve but at a cost to privacy., Bill Woodcock, executive director of the Packet Clearing House, wrote, Theres a fundamental conflict between anonymity and control of public speech, and the countries that dont value anonymous speech domestically are still free to weaponize it internationally, whereas the countries that do value anonymous speech must make it available to all, [or] else fail to uphold their own principle., James LaRue, director of the Office for Intellectual Freedom of the American Library Association, commented, Information systems incentivize getting attention. Which one of the following statements about Filtering and Sorting is true? However, a major drawback of ECT is its cognitive side effects. Of course, the definition of true is sometimes murky. A number of these respondents said information platform corporations such as Google and Facebook will begin to efficiently police the environment through various technological enhancements. Anonymous survey participants also responded: A number of respondents believe there will be policy remedies that move beyond whatever technical innovations emerge in the next decade. Two rows in a. Profound levels of ungrounded beliefs about things both sacred and profane existed before the branding of fake news. Belief systems not truths help to cement identities, forge relationships, explain the unexplainable., Julian Sefton-Green, professor of new media education at Deakin University in Australia, said, The information environment is an extension of social and political tensions. Most respondents who expect the environment to worsen said human nature is at fault. by the ACLU of Rhode Island. Filtering is communicating only some of the available information in order to manage the listener's reactions. Not monotonically, and not without effort, but fundamentally, I still believe that the efforts to improve the information environment will ultimately outweigh efforts to devolve it., Bryan Alexander, futurist and president of Bryan Alexander Consulting, replied, Growing digital literacy and the use of automated systems will tip the balance towards a better information environment.. Mike Roberts, pioneer leader at ICANN and Internet Hall of Fame member, replied, There are complex forces working both to improve the quality of information on the net, and to corrupt it. Content filtering is used by corporations as part of Internet firewall computers and also by home . A new system emerged and I believe we have the motivation and capability to do it again. There will be a sort of gold standard set of sources, and there will be the fringe. It operates at the Network layer and offers good performance but is the least secure. A new system emerged and I believe we have the motivation and capability to do it again. High conflict. By Theresa Chmara with Freedom to Read Foundation, Why Recent Court Decisions Dont Change the Rules on Filtering (2012) Group projects are always awful and end in an F." Which challenge to groupwork is he demonstrating? By Andrew K. Przybylski and Victoria Nash published in the Journal of Pediatrics"Contrary to our hypotheses, policy, and industry advice regarding the assumed benefits of filtering we found convincing evidence that Internet filters were not effective at shielding early adolescents from aversive online experiences. The rights of minors to retrieve, interact with, and create information posted on the Internet in schools and libraries are extensions of their First Amendment rights. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. These regulatory and legal options may not be politically possible to affect within the U.S., but they are certainly possible in Europe and elsewhere, especially if fake news is shown to have an impact on European elections., Sally Wentworth, vice president of global policy development at the Internet Society, warned against too much dependence upon information platform providers in shaping solutions to improve the information environment. Being banned from social media is one obvious one. We are now seeing the downsides of that transformation, with bad actors manipulating the new freedoms for antisocial purposes, but techniques for managing and mitigating those harms will improve, creating potential for freer, but well-governed, information environments in the 2020s., Jonathan Grudin, principal design researcher at Microsoft, said, We were in this position before, when printing presses broke the existing system of information management. They will keep unfriending those who dont, and passing on rumors and fake news that agrees with their point of view. We will learn and develop strategies to deal with problems like fake news., There is a long record of innovation taking place to solve problems. For every fact there is a counterfact and all these counterfacts and facts look identical online, which is confusing to most people.. ____________ is time away from work for personal reasons. Producers have an easy publishing platform to reach wide audiences and those audiences are flocking to the sources. Example: The following filter: " is not any of " with two values selected: "Guides" and "Plugins" would match a record with all other values. James is experiencing, Jill is angry with Jack because he made a disparaging comment to another male, coworker about women during the team meeting. Relying on algorithms and automated measures will result in various unwanted consequences. That is to say, things will become better but not necessarily good., AI, blockchain, crowdsourcing and other technologies will further enhance our ability to filter and qualify the veracity of information., There will be new visual cues developed to help news consumers distinguish between trusted news sources and others., Accurate facts are essential, particularly within a democracy, so this will be a high, shared value worthy of investment and government support, as well as private-sector initiatives., We are only at the beginning of drastic technological and societal changes. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World, The Future of Truth and Misinformation Online. Were simultaneously skeptics and true believers. When " is not any of " condition is selected, the filter will be TRUE when none of the values identified is included for a particular record. The only major fear I have is of massive communications conglomerates imposing pervasive censorship., Steven Miller, vice provost for research at Singapore Management University, wrote, Even now, if one wants to find reliable sources, one has no problem doing that, so we do not lack reliable sources of news today. A pure collaborative algorithm cannot recommend an item if there are . ", Electronic Frontier Foundation to send it. Its not that the environment will get better, its that those younger will be better fitted to survive it., Danny Rogers, founder and CEO of Terbium Labs, replied, Things always improve. Many respondents noted that while the digital age has amplified countless information sources it has hurt the reach and influence of the traditional news organizations. A professor at MIT observed, I see this as problem with a socioeconomic cure: Greater equity and justice will achieve much more than a bot war over facts. These people will drop out of the normal flow of information. Which of the following best exemplifies what we would expect of Aadil's performance? Business Policy and Strategy question Question 1 Collaborating with other students on an assigned, group project is an example of learning through the use of the following type of 'intelligence': As soon as groups are assigned, Antonio says, "Well, there goes my grade. These benefits are not amenable to technological resolution as they are social, political and cultural in nature. a) Digital Image Processing Its how people choose to react and access to information and news thats important, not the mechanisms that distribute them. We understand online and offline are different modalities of real life. Young people are growing into a world where those skills are not being taught., Julia Koller, a learning solutions lead developer, replied, Information is only as reliable as the people who are receiving it. Even among highly intelligent people, there is a significant growth in personal specialization in order to trim the boundaries of expected expertise to manageable levels. Content-based filtering is defined as a type of recommender system that attempts to guess what a user may like based on that user's activity. Peacefire And we have come to see the television news teams as representing divergent points of view, and, depending on your politics, the network that does not represent your views is guilty of fake news. It is hard to imagine a fair referee that would be universally trusted., Richard Lachmann, professor of sociology at the State University of New York at Albany, replied, Even though systems [that] flag unreliable information can and will be developed, internet users have to be willing to take advantage of those warnings. Many respondents expressed concerns about how peoples struggles to find and apply accurate information contribute to a larger social and political problem: There is a growing deficit in commonly accepted facts or some sort of cultural common ground. Why has this happened? D) Filtering enables a user to examine and analyze a subset of records. of College & Research Libraries (ACRL), Assn. Controlling noise is less a technological problem than a human problem, a problem of belief, of ideology. An anonymous business leader argued, It is too easy to create fake facts, too labor-intensive to check and too easy to fool checking algorithms. And this response of an anonymous research scientist based in North America echoed the view of many participants in this canvassing: We will develop technologies to help identify false and distorted information, BUT they wont be good enough., In the arms race between those who want to falsify information and those who want to produce accurate information, the former will always have an advantage. On the one hand, its good that the big players are finally stepping up and taking responsibility. O Both Sorting and Filtering will allow selective viewing of data. The quality of information will not improve in the coming years, because technology cant improve human nature all that much. By Deborah Caldwell Stone published in American Libraries, Minors' First Amendment Rights: CIPA and School Libraries (2010) The public can grasp the destructive power of nuclear weapons in a way they will never understand the utterly corrosive power of the internet to civilized society, when there is no reliable mechanism for sorting out what people can believe to be true or false., Bob Frankston, internet pioneer and software innovator, said, I always thought that Mein Kampf could be countered with enough information.